Derivation of an Outcome-Driven Threshold for Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity: An Individual-Participant Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) predicts cardiovascular events (CVEs) and total mortality (TM), but previous studies proposing actionable PWV thresholds have limited generalizability. This individual-participant meta-analysis is aimed at defining, testing calibration, and validating an outcome-driven threshold for PWV, using 2 populations studies, respectively, for derivation IDCARS (International Database of Central Arterial Properties for Risk Stratification) and replication MONICA (Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease Health Survey - Copenhagen). METHODS: A risk-carrying PWV threshold for CVE and TM was defined by multivariable Cox regression, using stepwise increasing PWV thresholds and by determining the threshold yielding a 5-year risk equivalent with systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg. The predictive performance of the PWV threshold was assessed by computing the integrated discrimination improvement and the net reclassification improvement. RESULTS: In well-calibrated models in IDCARS, the risk-carrying PWV thresholds converged at 9 m/s (10 m/s considering the anatomic pulse wave travel distance). With full adjustments applied, the threshold predicted CVE (hazard ratio [CI]: 1.68 [1.15-2.45]) and TM (1.61 [1.01-2.55]) in IDCARS and in MONICA (1.40 [1.09-1.79] and 1.55 [1.23-1.95]). In IDCARS and MONICA, the predictive accuracy of the threshold for both end points was ≈0.75. Integrated discrimination improvement was significant for TM in IDCARS and for both TM and CVE in MONICA, whereas net reclassification improvement was not for any outcome. CONCLUSIONS: PWV integrates multiple risk factors into a single variable and might replace a large panel of traditional risk factors. Exceeding the outcome-driven PWV threshold should motivate clinicians to stringent management of risk factors, in particular hypertension, which over a person's lifetime causes stiffening of the elastic arteries as waypoint to CVE and death.

Blood pressure and cardiovascular risk in relation to birth weight and urinary sodium: an individual-participant meta-analysis of European family-based population studies.

BACKGROUND: Although the relation of salt intake with blood pressure (BP) is linear, it is U-shaped for mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This individual-participant meta-analysis explored whether the relation of hypertension, death or CVD with 24-h urinary sodium excretion (UVNA) or sodium-to-potassium (UNAK) ratio was modified by birth weight. METHODS: Families were randomly enrolled in the Flemish Study on Genes, Environment and Health Outcomes (1985-2004) and the European Project on Genes in Hypertension (1999-2001). Categories of birth weight, UVNA and UNAK (≤2500, >2500-4000, >4000 g; <2.3, 2.3-4.6 and >4.6 g; and <1, 1-2, >2, respectively) were coded using deviation-from-mean coding and analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival functions and linear and Cox regression. RESULTS: The study population was subdivided into the Outcome ( n  = 1945), Hypertension ( n  = 1460) and Blood Pressure cohorts ( n  = 1039) to analyze the incidence of mortality and cardiovascular endpoints, hypertension and BP changes as function of UVNA changes. The prevalence of low/medium/high birth weight in the Outcome cohort was 5.8/84.5/9.7%. Over 16.7 years (median), rates were 4.9, 8 and 27.1% for mortality, CVD and hypertension, respectively, but were not associated with birth weight. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios were not significant for any endpoint in any of the birth weight, UVNA and UNAK strata. Adult body weight tracked with birth weight ( P  < 0.0001). The partial r in the low-birth-weight group associating changes from baseline to follow-up in UVNA and SBP was 0.68 ( P  = 0.023) but not significant in other birth weight groups. CONCLUSION: This study did not substantiate its prior hypothesis but showed tracking of adult with birth weight and suggest that low birth weight increases salt sensitivity.

Prognostic value of home blood pressure monitoring in patients under antihypertensive treatment.

The prognostic value of home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) has been investigated in several studies in the general population, demonstrating its independent association with cardiovascular events. However, in the case of treated hypertensive subjects, evidence is controversial. Our purpose was to evaluate the prognostic value of HBPM in this population. Medicated hypertensive patients who performed a 4-day HBPM (Omron® HEM-705CP-II) between 2008 and 2015 were followed up for a median of 5.9 years, registering the occurrence of a composite primary outcome of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events. Cox regression models were used to analyze the prognostic value of HBPM, considering 4-day measurements, discarding the first day, and analyzing morning, afternoon and evening periods separately. We included 1582 patients in the analysis (33.4% men, median age 70.8 years, on an average of 2.1 antihypertensive drugs). During follow-up, 273 events occurred. HBPM was significantly associated with cardiovascular events in all five scenarios in the unadjusted models. When adjusting for office BP and other cardiovascular risk factors, the association remained marginally significant for the 4-day period, discarding first-day measurements HBPM (HR 1.04 [95% CI 1-1.1] and 1.04 [95% CI 1-1.1], respectively) and statistically significant for all separate periods of measurement: HR 1.32 (95% CI 1.01-1.72); 1.33 (95% CI 1.02-1.72); and 1.30 (95% CI 1.01-1.67), for morning, afternoon and evening, respectively. When analyzing separately fatal and non-fatal events, statistical significance was held for the former only. In conclusion, HBPM is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in hypertensives under treatment.

Salt-related practices and its association with 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in an Uruguayan population cohort.

Objectives: To evaluate the association between knowledge, attitudes, and behavior (KAB) towards sodium use and sodium intake measured by 24-hour urinary collection in an adult cohort from Uruguay (Genotype Phenotype and Environment of Hypertension Study, GEFA-HT-UY). Methods: In a cross-sectional study (n = 159), a single 24-hour urinary sample, participants' physical, biochemical and blood pressure measurements and questionnaire data were collected. The association between KAB and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was assessed using general linear models. Results: Mean age of participants was 49.8±15.5 years, 67.9% were women, and mean 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was 3.6±1.7 g/day. Although 90.6% of participants exceeded the maximum recommended intake as indicated by urinary sodium excretion, more than half misperceived their actual intake, reporting consuming "the right amount." Almost three-quarters of the participants reported being concerned about the amount of sodium in their diet, but only 52.8% reported taking action to control it. Lack of procedural knowledge was observed. There was no association between KAB and sodium use and intake assessed by 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Conclusions: The lack of association between KAB towards the use of sodium and intake measured by 24-hour urinary excretion reflects the need to support people with opportunities and motivations to reduce sodium consumption. Structural actions to promote an adequate food environment, such as the effective implementation of the front-of-package nutrition labeling in Uruguay, are positive steps.

Salt-related practices and its association with 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in an Uruguayan population cohort

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. To evaluate the association between knowledge, attitudes, and behavior (KAB) towards sodium use and sodium intake measured by 24-hour urinary collection in an adult cohort from Uruguay (Genotype Phenotype and Environment of Hypertension Study, GEFA-HT-UY). Methods. In a cross-sectional study (n = 159), a single 24-hour urinary sample, participants' physical, bio- chemical and blood pressure measurements and questionnaire data were collected. The association between KAB and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was assessed using general linear models. Results. Mean age of participants was 49.8±15.5 years, 67.9% were women, and mean 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was 3.6±1.7 g/day. Although 90.6% of participants exceeded the maximum recommended intake as indicated by urinary sodium excretion, more than half misperceived their actual intake, reporting consuming “the right amount.” Almost three-quarters of the participants reported being concerned about the amount of sodium in their diet, but only 52.8% reported taking action to control it. Lack of procedural knowl- edge was observed. There was no association between KAB and sodium use and intake assessed by 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Conclusions. The lack of association between KAB towards the use of sodium and intake measured by 24-hour urinary excretion reflects the need to support people with opportunities and motivations to reduce sodium consumption. Structural actions to promote an adequate food environment, such as the effective implementation of the front-of-package nutrition labeling in Uruguay, are positive steps.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivos. Evaluar la relación entre conocimientos, actitudes y comportamientos en lo relativo a la ingesta de sodio medida por la recolección de orina de 24 horas en una cohorte de adultos en Uruguay (GEnotipo, Fenotipo y Ambiente de la HiperTensión Arterial en UruguaY, GEFA-HT-UY). Métodos. En un estudio transversal (n = 159), se obtuvo una muestra urinaria de 24 horas y los datos de un cuestionario y de las mediciones físicas, bioquímicas y de presión arterial de los participantes. Se evaluó la asociación entre conocimientos, actitudes y comportamientos y la excreción urinaria de sodio en 24 horas con modelos lineales generales. Resultados. La edad media de los participantes fue 49,8±15,5 años, 67,9% eran mujeres y la excreción urinaria media de sodio en 24 horas fue de 3,6±1,7 g/día. Aunque 90,6% de los participantes excedieron la ingesta máxima recomendada de acuerdo con la excreción urinaria de sodio, más de la mitad percibió su ingesta real incorrectamente al señalar que consumía “la cantidad correcta”. Casi tres cuartas partes de los participantes manifestaron estar preocupados por la cantidad de sodio en su dieta, si bien solo 52,8% declaró haber tomado medidas para controlarla. Se observó una falta de conocimiento sobre los procedimientos. No se encontró una asociación entre conocimientos, actitudes y comportamientos y la ingesta de sodio evaluada mediante la excreción urinaria de sodio en 24 horas. Conclusiones. La falta de relación entre conocimientos, actitudes y comportamientos respecto del consumo de sodio y su ingesta medida por excreción urinaria en 24 horas refleja la necesidad de apoyar a las perso- nas con oportunidades y motivaciones para reducir el consumo de sodio. Adoptar medidas estructurales que promuevan unas condiciones alimentarias adecuadas, como la aplicación efectiva del etiquetado nutricional frontal en Uruguay, constituye un paso en la dirección correcta.

[RESUMO]. Objetivos. Avaliar a associação entre conhecimento, atitudes e comportamento (KAB, sigla do inglês Knowl- edge, Attitudes, Behavior) e o uso e ingestão de sódio, medida pela coleta de urina de 24 horas em uma coorte de adultos do Uruguai (Estudo do Genótipo, Fenótipo e Ambiente da Hipertensão, GEFA-HT-UY). Métodos. Em um estudo transversal (n = 159), foi coletada uma única amostra de urina de 24 horas dos par- ticipantes, medidas físicas, bioquímicas e de pressão arterial, e dados de questionários. A associação entre KAB e excreção urinária de sódio nas 24 horas foi avaliada por meio de modelos lineares gerais. Resultados. A idade média dos participantes foi de 49,8±15,5 anos; 67,9% eram mulheres e a excreção média de sódio na urina de 24 horas foi de 3,6±1,7 g/dia. Embora 90,6% dos participantes excedessem a ingestão máxima recomendada, conforme indicado pela excreção urinária de sódio, mais da metade dos participantes não tinha percepção da real ingestão de sódio, relatando consumir "a quantidade correta". Quase três quartos dos participantes relataram estar preocupados com a quantidade de sódio na dieta, mas apenas 52,8% relataram ter implementado medidas para controlá-la. Observou-se falta de conhecimento de procedimentos. Não houve associação entre KAB e o uso e a ingestão de sódio avaliada pela excreção de sódio na urina de 24 horas. Conclusões. A falta de associação entre KAB e o uso e a ingestão do sódio avaliada pela excreção urinária de 24 horas reflete a necessidade de oferecer apoio aos indivíduos por meio de oportunidades e motivações para reduzir o consumo de sódio. Ações estruturais para promover um ambiente alimentar adequado, como a implementação efetiva de advertências na rotulagem frontal dos alimentos no Uruguai, são passos positivos.

Evaluación de las necesidades de recursos humanos en salud: aplicación a la estimación de nefrólogos en Uruguay / Assessing the need for human resources in health: Nephrologist supply forecast in Uruguay / Avaliação das necessidades de recursos humanos em saúde: aplicação à estimativa de nefrologistas no Uruguai

Introducción: mejorar la salud de la población, considerando acceso universal con equidad, requiere de un número de profesionales y una distribución de los mismos adecuada a los problemas de salud de las personas. Las metodologías rigurosas deberían incorporar la identificación de las necesidades en salud para poder cumplir con este principio. Objetivo: estimar estándares de necesidad de nefrólogos para la población de Uruguay en 2020. Método: se conformó un grupo de referentes en nefrología procedentes de la academia y/o Sociedad Científica, se recabaron antecedentes y fuentes de la especialidad vinculadas a los problemas de salud renal en la población. Se definieron un conjunto de supuestos y condiciones iniciales. Se estimó la necesidad de nefrólogos de Uruguay para el año 2020, total del país y por departamento, expresada en valores absolutos y en términos de tasas de profesionales respecto a la población. Se identificaron escenarios alternativos de necesidad a partir de modificaciones de las condiciones iniciales. Resultados: para todo el país la necesidad de nefrólogos se estima entre 139 y 192 profesionales, esto implica una tasa de necesidad en un rango de 39 a 54 por millón de habitantes. Conclusiones: el estudio es el primero en Uruguay en reportar estándares de necesidad de nefrólogos expresados en términos de tasas de especialistas por población en diferentes escenarios definidos a partir de criterios que han sido explicitados y fundamentados.

Introduction: improving the health of populations by means of favoring universal access with equity requires the appropriate number and right distribution of professionals, according to the different health problems people face. Rigorous methodologies should include identification of health requirements in order to comply with this principle. Objective: to estimate the demand for nephrologists in the Uruguayan population in 2020. Method: a group of reference nephrologists - scholars or members of the scientific society - was formed to forecast the demand for these specialists. To that end they reviewed historical data and sources of this field of knowledge that have some connection with kidney diseases in the studied population. Subsequently, a number of assumptions and initial conditions were defined to conduct the study. The demand for nephrologists in Uruguay by 2020 was estimated for the whole country and by department, and it was expressed in absolute values and professional-to-population ratio. Alternative requirement scenarios were identified based on modifications to the initial conditions. Results: the demand for nephrologists is between 139 and 192 professionals, which implies a 39 to 54 per 1 million inhabitants ratio. Conclusions: this is the first one of this kind of studies conducted in Uruguay to report standards for nephrologists requirement in specialists per one million inhabitants, for different scenarios defined based on criteria that have been made explicit and backed.

Introdução: melhorar a saúde da população, considerando o acesso universal com equidade, requer um número de profissionais com uma distribuição adequada aos problemas de saúde das pessoas. Para cumprir este princípio são necessárias metodologias rigorosas que incorporem a identificação das necessidades de saúde. Objetivo: estimar padrões de necessidade de nefrologistas para a população do Uruguai em 2020. Método: formou-se um grupo de referência em nefrologia da academia e/ou Sociedade Científica, que pesquisaram os antecedentes e as fontes da especialidade ligados a problemas de saúde renal na população. Um conjunto de premissas e condições iniciais foi definido. A necessidade de nefrologistas no Uruguai foi estimada para o ano de 2020, para o total do país e por departamento, expressa em valores absolutos e em termos de proporção de profissionais para a população. Cenários alternativos de necessidade foram identificados com base em modificações das condições iniciais. Resultados: para todo o país, a necessidade de nefrologistas está entre 139 e 192 profissionais, o que implica uma taxa de necessidade na faixa de 39 a 54 por milhão de habitantes. Conclusões: o estudo é o primeiro no Uruguai a relatar padrões de necessidade de nefrologistas expressos em termos de taxas de especialistas por população, em diferentes cenários definidos com base em critérios explicados e fundamentados.

La oferta de médicos especialistas en Uruguay, 2020. El caso de la nefrología / Medical specialists supply in Uruguay in 2020. A study that focuses on nephrologists / Oferta de médicos especialistas no Uruguai, 2020. O caso da nefrologia

Resumen: Objetivo: estimar la oferta de nefrólogos en Uruguay en 2020. Método: Se plantea analizar las fuentes de información de acceso público como insumo para estimar la oferta de especialistas médicos en Uruguay, su completitud, fiabilidad y limitaciones. Resultados: en 2020, se identifican 178 médicos con desempeño profesional activo en el área de la nefrología en Uruguay. Es una especialidad con una pirámide feminizada (más del 70% son mujeres), y con más de la mitad de los médicos con edades por encima de los 49 años. Si se restringe el universo a los de 65 años o menos, el país cuenta con una oferta de 173 especialistas. Más allá de las limitaciones, es la mejor aproximación a la cantidad y estructura demográfica de la profesión en el país. Conclusiones: el estudio aporta una estimación sobre la oferta de recursos humanos en nefrología. El poder realizar este tipo de trabajo es un avance sustantivo para el Uruguay. La información y los sistemas de información se conciben como un insumo fundamental para el proceso de toma de decisión y gestión en salud. En tal sentido cobra relevancia la optimización del uso de los datos y la información disponible en cada momento, así como la identificación de los datos necesarios y no disponibles, de manera de promover su incorporación en próximas innovaciones de los sistemas de registros sistemáticos de datos.

Abstract: Objective: to estimate nephrologists´ supply in Uruguay in 2020. Method: an analysis of information sources of public access was performed to estimate medical specialists supply in Uruguay, as well as its completeness, reliability and limitations. Results: in 2020, 178 physicians were identified as active nephrology professionals in Uruguay. This area of specialization may be represented as a feminized pyramid, 70% of nephrologists are women and over 50% of them are over 49 years old. If you further restrict these specialists' universe to those who are 65 years old or younger, we find there are 173 medical specialists in Uruguay. Beyond limitations in the method, this is the most accurate survey in terms of the number of nephrologists in the country and the demographic structure of this medical specialization. Conclusions: the study provides an estimation on the human resources supply in nephrology. The ability to conduct this kind of study constitutes a significant progress in Uruguay. Information and information systems are seen as a key input to manage health issues and make decisions in the field of healthcare. As a matter of fact, optimization in the use of data and information available at any time, as well as identifying required data that are not available in order to promote its collection in future innovations of data recording systems is highly relevant.

Resumo: Objetivo: estimar a oferta de nefrologistas no Uruguai no ano de 2020. Método: propor a análise das futuras informações de acesso público como entrada para estimar a oferta de especialistas médicos no Uruguai, sua completitude, fiabilidade e limitações. Resultados: em 2020, foram identificados 178 médicos com desempenho profissional ativo na área da Nefrologia no Uruguai. É uma especialidade com uma pirâmide feminizada - mais de 70% são mulheres, e mais da metade dos médicos com mais de 49 anos. Se este universo for restringido a profissionais com 65 anos ou menos, o país conta com uma oferta de 173 especialistas. Mesmo considerando as limitações, esta é a melhor aproximação à quantidade e estrutura demográfica da profissão no país. Conclusões: o estudo aporta uma estimativa sobre a oferta de recursos humanos em nefrologia. A possibilidade de realizar este tipo de análise é um avanço importante para o Uruguai. A informação e os sistemas de informação são concebidos como um insumo fundamental para o processo de tomada de decisões e o processo de gestão em saúde. Sendo assim, a otimização do uso de dados e informações disponíveis em cada momento, bem como a identificação dos dados necessários e não disponíveis, para promover sua incorporação nas próximas inovações dos sistemas de registros sistemáticos de dados.

Predictive power of 24-h ambulatory pulse pressure and its components for mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in 11 848 participants recruited from 13 populations.

BACKGROUND: The role of pulse pressure (PP) 'widening' at older and younger age as a cardiovascular risk factor is still controversial. Mean PP, as determined from repeated blood pressure (BP) readings, can be expressed as a sum of two components: 'elastic PP' (elPP) and 'stiffening PP' (stPP) associated, respectively, with stiffness at the diastole and its relative change during the systole. We investigated the association of 24-h ambulatory PP, elPP, and stPP ('PP variables') with mortality and composite cardiovascular events in different age classes. METHOD: Longitudinal population-based cohort study of adults with baseline observations that included 24-h ambulatory BP. Age classes were age 40 or less, 40-50, 50-60, 60-70, and over 70 years. Co-primary endpoints were total mortality and composite cardiovascular events. The relative risk expressed by hazard ratio per 1SD increase for each of the PP variables was calculated from multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models. RESULTS: The 11 848 participants from 13 cohorts (age 53 ±â€Š16 years, 50% men) were followed for up for 13.7 ±â€Š6.7 years. A total of 2946 participants died (18.1 per 1000 person-years) and 2093 experienced a fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular event (12.9 per 1000 person-years). Mean PP, elPP, and stPP were, respectively, 49.7, 43.5, and 6.2 mmHg, and elPP and stPP were uncorrelated ( r  = -0.07). At age 50-60 years, all PP variables displayed association with risk for almost all outcomes. From age over 60 years to age over 70 years, hazard ratios of of PP and elPP were similar and decreased gradually but differently for pulse rate lower than or higher than 70 bpm, whereas stPP lacked predictive power in most cases. For age 40 years or less, elPP showed protective power for coronary events, whereas stPP and PP predicted stroke events. Adjusted and unadjusted hazard ratio variations were similar over the entire age range. CONCLUSION: This study provides a new basis for associating PP components with outcome and arterial properties in different age groups and at different pulse rates for both old and young age. The similarity between adjusted and unadjusted hazard ratios supports the clinical usefulness of PP components but further studies are needed to assess the prognostic significance of the PP components, especially at the young age.

Proyección de brecha de especialistas en nefrología en Uruguay 2020-2050: aplicación de un modelo de dinámica de sistemas

Objetivo Estimar el equilibrio/desequilibrio entre la oferta y la necesidad de nefrólogos en Uruguay para el año 2020 así como la tendencia hacia el 2050. Métodos Se desarrolló un modelo de simulación, aplicando la metodología de dinámica de sistemas con dos componentes: el de oferta y el de necesidad. Se definió 2020 como el año base y un horizonte de proyección hasta 2050. Se comparó la oferta y la necesidad en el periodo de proyección para establecer la brecha tanto en términos absolutos como relativos. Resultados La proyección de brecha para todos los escenarios considerados es de superávit en la mayor parte del periodo analizado. Conclusiones El trabajo aporta insumos respecto de aquellos parámetros sobre los que se puede incidir y que afectan a la oferta de especialistas. El valor de las proyecciones radica en su utilidad para identificar la situación actual y las tendencias futuras a las que deben responder los responsables de la formulación de políticas.

Objective To estimate the balance/imbalance between supply and demand of nefrologists in Uruguay for the year 2020, adding its tendency towards 2050. Methods A simulation model was developed, applying a two dynamic systems methodology with two components: that of supply and that of need. The base year was defined as 2020 with a projection horizon up to 2050. Supply and need were compared for the projection period to establish the gap, both in relative and absolute terms. Results The projection gap for all considered scenarios is that of surplus for most of the analyzed period. Conclusions This work offers input with respect of impactful parameters that affect healthcare specialists supply. The key value of the projections lies in its utility to identify the current situation and its future tendencies, to which those responsible for policy making have to respond.

Risk Stratification by Cross-Classification of Central and Brachial Systolic Blood Pressure.

BACKGROUND: Whether cardiovascular risk is more tightly associated with central (cSBP) than brachial (bSBP) systolic pressure remains debated, because of their close correlation and uncertain thresholds to differentiate cSBP into normotension versus hypertension. METHODS: In a person-level meta-analysis of the International Database of Central Arterial Properties for Risk Stratification (n=5576; 54.1% women; mean age 54.2 years), outcome-driven thresholds for cSBP were determined and whether the cross-classification of cSBP and bSBP improved risk stratification was explored. cSBP was tonometrically estimated from the radial pulse wave using SphygmoCor software. RESULTS: Over 4.1 years (median), 255 composite cardiovascular end points occurred. In multivariable bootstrapped analyses, cSBP thresholds (in mm Hg) of 110.5 (95% CI, 109.1-111.8), 120.2 (119.4-121.0), 130.0 (129.6-130.3), and 149.5 (148.4-150.5) generated 5-year cardiovascular risks equivalent to the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association bSBP thresholds of 120, 130, 140, and 160. Applying 120/130 mm Hg as cSBP/bSBP thresholds delineated concordant central and brachial normotension (43.1%) and hypertension (48.2%) versus isolated brachial hypertension (5.0%) and isolated central hypertension (3.7%). With concordant normotension as reference, the multivariable hazard ratios for the cardiovascular end point were 1.30 (95% CI, 0.58-2.94) for isolated brachial hypertension, 2.28 (1.21-4.30) for isolated central hypertension, and 2.02 (1.41-2.91) for concordant hypertension. The increased cardiovascular risk associated with isolated central and concordant hypertension was paralleled by cerebrovascular end points with hazard ratios of 3.71 (1.37-10.06) and 2.60 (1.35-5.00), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of the brachial blood pressure status, central hypertension increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk indicating the importance of controlling central hypertension.

The International Database of Central Arterial Properties for Risk Stratification: Research Objectives and Baseline Characteristics of Participants.

OBJECTIVE: To address to what extent central hemodynamic measurements, improve risk stratification, and determine outcome-based diagnostic thresholds, we constructed the International Database of Central Arterial Properties for Risk Stratification (IDCARS), allowing a participant-level meta-analysis. The purpose of this article was to describe the characteristics of IDCARS participants and to highlight research perspectives. METHODS: Longitudinal or cross-sectional cohort studies with central blood pressure measured with the SphygmoCor devices and software were included. RESULTS: The database included 10,930 subjects (54.8% women; median age 46.0 years) from 13 studies in Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America. The prevalence of office hypertension was 4,446 (40.1%), of which 2,713 (61.0%) were treated, and of diabetes mellitus was 629 (5.8%). The peripheral and central systolic/diastolic blood pressure averaged 129.5/78.7 mm Hg and 118.2/79.7 mm Hg, respectively. Mean aortic pulse wave velocity was 7.3 m per seconds. Among 6,871 participants enrolled in 9 longitudinal studies, the median follow-up was 4.2 years (5th-95th percentile interval, 1.3-12.2 years). During 38,957 person-years of follow-up, 339 participants experienced a composite cardiovascular event and 212 died, 67 of cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: IDCARS will provide a unique opportunity to investigate hypotheses on central hemodynamic measurements that could not reliably be studied in individual studies. The results of these analyses might inform guidelines and be of help to clinicians involved in the management of patients with suspected or established hypertension.

Salt-related practices and its association with 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in an Uruguayan population cohort / Prácticas relacionadas con la sal y su asociación con la excreción urinaria de sodio en 24 horas en una cohorte de población en Uruguay / Práticas relacionadas ao uso do sal e sua associação com a excreção de sódio na urina de 24 horas em uma coorte populacional uruguaia

Abstract Objectives. To evaluate the association between knowledge, attitudes, and behavior (KAB) towards sodium use and sodium intake measured by 24-hour urinary collection in an adult cohort from Uruguay (Genotype Phenotype and Environment of Hypertension Study, GEFA-HT-UY). Methods. In a cross-sectional study (n = 159), a single 24-hour urinary sample, participants' physical, biochemical and blood pressure measurements and questionnaire data were collected. The association between KAB and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was assessed using general linear models. Results. Mean age of participants was 49.8±15.5 years, 67.9% were women, and mean 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was 3.6±1.7 g/day. Although 90.6% of participants exceeded the maximum recommended intake as indicated by urinary sodium excretion, more than half misperceived their actual intake, reporting consuming "the right amount." Almost three-quarters of the participants reported being concerned about the amount of sodium in their diet, but only 52.8% reported taking action to control it. Lack of procedural knowledge was observed. There was no association between KAB and sodium use and intake assessed by 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Conclusions. The lack of association between KAB towards the use of sodium and intake measured by 24-hour urinary excretion reflects the need to support people with opportunities and motivations to reduce sodium consumption. Structural actions to promote an adequate food environment, such as the effective implementation of the front-of-package nutrition labeling in Uruguay, are positive steps.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar la relación entre conocimientos, actitudes y comportamientos en lo relativo a la ingesta de sodio medida por la recolección de orina de 24 horas en una cohorte de adultos en Uruguay (GEnotipo, Fenotipo y Ambiente de la HiperTensión Arterial en UruguaY, GEFA-HT-UY). Métodos. En un estudio transversal (n = 159), se obtuvo una muestra urinaria de 24 horas y los datos de un cuestionario y de las mediciones físicas, bioquímicas y de presión arterial de los participantes. Se evaluó la asociación entre conocimientos, actitudes y comportamientos y la excreción urinaria de sodio en 24 horas con modelos lineales generales. Resultados. La edad media de los participantes fue 49,8±15,5 años, 67,9% eran mujeres y la excreción urinaria media de sodio en 24 horas fue de 3,6±1,7 g/día. Aunque 90,6% de los participantes excedieron la ingesta máxima recomendada de acuerdo con la excreción urinaria de sodio, más de la mitad percibió su ingesta real incorrectamente al señalar que consumía "la cantidad correcta". Casi tres cuartas partes de los participantes manifestaron estar preocupados por la cantidad de sodio en su dieta, si bien solo 52,8% declaró haber tomado medidas para controlarla. Se observó una falta de conocimiento sobre los procedimientos. No se encontró una asociación entre conocimientos, actitudes y comportamientos y la ingesta de sodio evaluada mediante la excreción urinaria de sodio en 24 horas. Conclusiones. La falta de relación entre conocimientos, actitudes y comportamientos respecto del consumo de sodio y su ingesta medida por excreción urinaria en 24 horas refleja la necesidad de apoyar a las personas con oportunidades y motivaciones para reducir el consumo de sodio. Adoptar medidas estructurales que promuevan unas condiciones alimentarias adecuadas, como la aplicación efectiva del etiquetado nutricional frontal en Uruguay, constituye un paso en la dirección correcta.

RESUMO Objetivos. Avaliar a associação entre conhecimento, atitudes e comportamento (KAB, sigla do inglês Knowledge, Attitudes, Behavior) e o uso e ingestão de sódio, medida pela coleta de urina de 24 horas em uma coorte de adultos do Uruguai (Estudo do Genótipo, Fenótipo e Ambiente da Hipertensão, GEFA-HT-UY). Métodos. Em um estudo transversal (n = 159), foi coletada uma única amostra de urina de 24 horas dos participantes, medidas físicas, bioquímicas e de pressão arterial, e dados de questionários. A associação entre KAB e excreção urinária de sódio nas 24 horas foi avaliada por meio de modelos lineares gerais. Resultados. A idade média dos participantes foi de 49,8±15,5 anos; 67,9% eram mulheres e a excreção média de sódio na urina de 24 horas foi de 3,6±1,7 g/dia. Embora 90,6% dos participantes excedessem a ingestão máxima recomendada, conforme indicado pela excreção urinária de sódio, mais da metade dos participantes não tinha percepção da real ingestão de sódio, relatando consumir "a quantidade correta". Quase três quartos dos participantes relataram estar preocupados com a quantidade de sódio na dieta, mas apenas 52,8% relataram ter implementado medidas para controlá-la. Observou-se falta de conhecimento de procedimentos. Não houve associação entre KAB e o uso e a ingestão de sódio avaliada pela excreção de sódio na urina de 24 horas. Conclusões. A falta de associação entre KAB e o uso e a ingestão do sódio avaliada pela excreção urinária de 24 horas reflete a necessidade de oferecer apoio aos indivíduos por meio de oportunidades e motivações para reduzir o consumo de sódio. Ações estruturais para promover um ambiente alimentar adequado, como a implementação efetiva de advertências na rotulagem frontal dos alimentos no Uruguai, são passos positivos.

Isolated Diastolic Hypertension in the IDACO Study: An Age-Stratified Analysis Using 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurements.

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Tobacco Use and the Kidney: A Review of Public Policies and Studies on Kidney Disease Progression.

Clinical Background: Cigarette smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths, including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. However, the effects of tobacco use on chronic kidney disease (CKD) are less widespread. Epidemiology: Smoking tobacco is associated with proteinuria and attenuation of glomerular filtration rate in the general population of different ethnicities. Smoking also accelerates the progression of established CKD and aggravates proteinuria along the wide spectrum of causes determining kidney disease. Furthermore, smoking worsens the survival of kidney transplant recipients and shortens graft survival. Most of the effects of tobacco exposure are dose and time dependent and could be ameliorated with smoking cessation. Challenges: In the last decades, tobacco use policies and regulations were implemented around the world obtaining a global 6% reduction in smoking prevalence. However, the reduction was not proportionally equal in all the geographical areas around the world. The region of Americas experimented the most positive result in reducing smoking prevalence. Smoking trends in South East Asian and Eastern Mediterranean regions show minor decrease or increased rates. The World Health Organization projected reaching a global target prevalence of 15% by 2025. Prevention and Treatment: The results showing smoking cessation slows the progression of kidney disease in smokers should drive our effort to help our patients quit smoking. Smoking prevention at the population level, and particularly in those at risk of CKD or with established CKD should be part of health policies and regulations all around the world.

Association of Dietary Patterns with Cardiovascular and Kidney Phenotypes in an Uruguayan Population Cohort.

The impact of habitual diet on chronic diseases has not been extensively characterized in South America. We aimed to identify major dietary patterns (DP) in an adult cohort in Uruguay (Genotype Phenotype and Environment of Hypertension Study-GEFA-HT-UY) and to assess associations with metabolic, anthropometric characteristics, and cardiovascular and kidney phenotypes. In a cross-sectional study (n = 294), DP were derived by the principal component analysis. Blood and urine parameters, anthropometrics, blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, and glomerular filtration rate were measured. Multivariable adjusted linear models and adjusted binary logistic regression were used. Three DP were identified (Meat, Prudent, Cereal and Mate) explaining 22.6% of total variance in food intake. The traditional Meat DP, characterized by red and barbecued meat, processed meat, bread, and soft drinks, was associated with worse blood lipid profile. Prudent DP, characterized by vegetables, fish, and nuts, and lower loads for bread and crackers, was associated with reduced risk of vitamin D deficiency. Cereal and Mate DP, was characterized by higher loads of cereals, bread, and crackers, and mate infusion, with higher odds of excessive body weight. No direct associations of dietary patterns with hypertension, arterial stiffness, chronic kidney disease, and nephrolithiasis were found in the studied population, nor by age categories or sex.

Relative and Absolute Risk to Guide the Management of Pulse Pressure, an Age-Related Cardiovascular Risk Factor.

BACKGROUND: Pulse pressure (PP) reflects the age-related stiffening of the central arteries, but no study addressed the management of the PP-related risk over the human lifespan. METHODS: In 4,663 young (18-49 years) and 7,185 older adults (≥50 years), brachial PP was recorded over 24 hours. Total mortality and all major cardiovascular events (MACEs) combined were coprimary endpoints. Cardiovascular death, coronary events, and stroke were secondary endpoints. RESULTS: In young adults (median follow-up, 14.1 years; mean PP, 45.1 mm Hg), greater PP was not associated with absolute risk; the endpoint rates were ≤2.01 per 1,000 person-years. The adjusted hazard ratios expressed per 10-mm Hg PP increments were less than unity (P ≤ 0.027) for MACE (0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47-0.96) and cardiovascular death (0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.75). In older adults (median follow-up, 13.1 years; mean PP, 52.7 mm Hg), the endpoint rates, expressing absolute risk, ranged from 22.5 to 45.4 per 1,000 person-years and the adjusted hazard ratios, reflecting relative risk, from 1.09 to 1.54 (P < 0.0001). The PP-related relative risks of death, MACE, and stroke decreased >3-fold from age 55 to 75 years, whereas absolute risk rose by a factor 3. CONCLUSIONS: From 50 years onwards, the PP-related relative risk decreases, whereas absolute risk increases. From a lifecourse perspective, young adulthood provides a window of opportunity to manage risk factors and prevent target organ damage as forerunner of premature death and MACE. In older adults, treatment should address absolute risk, thereby extending life in years and quality.

Association of Fatal and Nonfatal Cardiovascular Outcomes With 24-Hour Mean Arterial Pressure.

Major adverse cardiovascular events are closely associated with 24-hour blood pressure (BP). We determined outcome-driven thresholds for 24-hour mean arterial pressure (MAP), a BP index estimated by oscillometric devices. We assessed the association of major adverse cardiovascular events with 24-hour MAP, systolic BP (SBP), and diastolic BP (DBP) in a population-based cohort (n=11 596). Statistics included multivariable Cox regression and the generalized R2 statistic to test model fit. Baseline office and 24-hour MAP averaged 97.4 and 90.4 mm Hg. Over 13.6 years (median), 2034 major adverse cardiovascular events occurred. Twenty-four-hour MAP levels of <90 (normotension, n=6183), 90 to <92 (elevated MAP, n=909), 92 to <96 (stage-1 hypertension, n=1544), and ≥96 (stage-2 hypertension, n=2960) mm Hg yielded equivalent 10-year major adverse cardiovascular events risks as office MAP categorized using 2017 American thresholds for office SBP and DBP. Compared with 24-hour MAP normotension, hazard ratios were 0.96 (95% CI, 0.80-1.16), 1.32 (1.15-1.51), and 1.77 (1.59-1.97), for elevated and stage-1 and stage-2 hypertensive MAP. On top of 24-hour MAP, higher 24-hour SBP increased, whereas higher 24-hour DBP attenuated risk (P<0.001). Considering the 24-hour measurements, R2 statistics were similar for SBP (1.34) and MAP (1.28), lower for DBP than for MAP (0.47), and reduced to null, if the base model included SBP and DBP; if the ambulatory BP indexes were dichotomized according to the 2017 American guideline and the proposed 92 mm Hg for MAP, the R2 values were 0.71, 0.89, 0.32, and 0.10, respectively. In conclusion, the clinical application of 24-hour MAP thresholds in conjunction with SBP and DBP refines risk estimates.

Recomendaciones sobre la vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 en pacientes con enfermedad renal y trasplante renal / Recommendations for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of patients with kidney disease and transplant recipients / Recomendações sobre vacinação contra SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 em pacientes com doença renal e transplante renal

Resumen: Este documento de recomendaciones tiene como objetivo orientar a médicos nefrólogos y no nefrólogos que asisten a pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en todas las etapas de la misma, en el proceso de vacunación contra el SARS-CoV-2. Como consecuencia de la situación epidemiológica y de los tiempos del proceso de elaboración de las vacunas disponibles, no se ha generado evidencia lo suficientemente potente, por lo que las recomendaciones no se acompañan del nivel de evidencia. Se fundamenta la necesidad de priorizar la vacunación en este grupo de pacientes en el mayor riesgo de adquirir la infección por SARS-CoV-2, desarrollar la enfermedad COVID-19 con mayor gravedad y presentar una mortalidad más elevada que la población general. Las recomendaciones se organizan por grupos de pacientes considerando pacientes con ERC no dialítica, diálisis y trasplante renal, y pacientes bajo tratamiento inmunosupresor.

Summary The objective of this document containing recommendations is to provide guidelines for nephrologists and non-nephrologists who assist patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at all stages of the disease on the vaccination process against SARS-CoV-2. As a consequence of the current epidemiological situation and the timing of the COVID-19 vaccine development -for available vaccines- there is no solid evidence, and thus, recommendations are not accompanied by the due medical proof. The need to prioritize vaccination in this group of patients is based on the increased risk of acquiring the SARS-CoV-2 infection, developing the COVID-19 disease with greater severity and presenting higher mortality rates than the general population. The recommendations are organized by groups of patients, considering patients with non-dialytic CKD, dialysis and kidney transplantation, and patients under immunosuppressive treatment.

Resumo: O objetivo deste documento de recomendações é orientar os nefrologistas e não nefrologistas que atendem pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) em todas as fases da doença, no processo de vacinação contra a SARS-CoV-2. Como consequência da situação epidemiológica e do momento do processo de produção das vacinas disponíveis, não foram geradas evidências suficientemente potentes, de modo que as recomendações não são acompanhadas de seu nível de evidência. A necessidade de priorizar a vacinação neste grupo de pacientes baseia-se no maior risco de adquirir a infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2, desenvolver a doença COVID-19 com maior gravidade e apresentar mortalidade superior à da população em geral. As recomendações são organizadas por grupos de pacientes, considerando pacientes com DRC não dialítica, em diálise, com transplante renal, e pacientes em tratamento imunossupressor.